Kuwait and the Global Economy Example

Essays on Kuwait and the Global Economy Term Paper Kuwait and the Global Economy Source: Background s – Kuwait, Exports, the birth of Kuwait-style democracy, and economic policy determination Prior to the exploitation of oil, the Kuwaiti economy was seminomadic, with the people’s subsistence based in part on the caravan trade, agriculture, fish, and pearls. The global economic depression had a strong negative influence in Kuwait towards the latter half of the 1920s. Prior to this, Kuwait was world-renowned for its pearling industry and exported as many as 800 shiploads of pearls each year. When the depression set in, however, the demand for pearls and other luxury products suddenly fell, causing the Kuwaiti economy to suffer. At the same time, Japan developed a cultured pearl industry that captured the market away from Kuwait, and a trade embargo imposed by Saudi Arabia forced numerous people out of work (Casey, 2007, p.54). Due to subsequent widespread discontent with the economic and taxation policies of Sheikh Ahmad, a politico-economic opposition called the Majlis Movement was formed by the influential merchant families. This eventually forced the sheikh to make concessions and establish a consultative council, comprised of four members of the Al-Sabah family, nine members from the elite merchant families, and headed by Sheikh Salem. This was the birth of the fledgling democratic processes that would later contribute to the development of Kuwait (Casey, 2007, p.57). Today, the country is a constitutional hereditary emirate. The struggles between the duly elected National Assembly and the royally appointed government have caused certain delays in such programs as economic diversification, but this system at least creates a power equilibrium between the traditional monarchy and the popular will (PRS, 2010, p.U-1). Economic Developments in Kuwait While oil exploration in the region had begun decades earlier, it was not until the establishment of the Kuwait Oil Company (KOC), a firm jointly held with the British government, in the early thirties that oil exploration in Kuwait began in earnest. By 1938, the KOC had struck upon one of the world’s largest and most productive oil fields, and today comprises about 20 per cent of the world’s known oil reserves. While initially much of oil revenues were repatriated to London, the Al-Sabah family were gradually able to negotiate a higher retention of oil revenues in Kuwait. By 1976, Kuwaiti oil production was nationalized (Casey, 2007, p. 59). Public services infrastructure Having gained independence from the British in 1961, the country benefitted from a succession of sheikhs who undertook a proactive approach to economic development. Half of all revenues went to public projects, infrastructure improvements, and the enhancement of government services. The other half went to the Al-Sabah family as owners of the land. During the 12 year reign of Amir Al Sabah until 1977, Kuwait enjoyed unprecedented prosperity, converting into a highly developed state with all the modern means of transportation and communication (State Department, 2007, p.1133). Because of this proactive approach, bold projects were embarked upon, such as the design and development in the 1950s of large desalination plants. Today Kuwait is the world leader in the production of potable water (Casey, 2007, p.60). Kuwaiti mega-projects also continue to this day. Slated for 2011 and onwards are the creation of Silk City (a business center), a large container port, a 25-kilometer causeway, ex panded rail system, housing, schools, and tourism-related establishments (PRS, 2010, p. U-1). Development of the local labor force The eventual overwhelming reliance on oil, however, drew interest away from developing other economic sectors (e.g. agriculture, herding and fishing). More people felt it more convenient to avail of the high-salaried guaranteed employment in government than engage in private enterprise. Furthermore, because of the benefits afforded by the Kuwaiti welfare system (which provided free health care and education for the people), many citizens found little incentive to work at all. There is therefore a large, highly diverse immigrant work force in the country upon which the country relies for much of its service industries (Casey, 2007, pp. 61-62), accounting for about 85 per cent of all employees (PRS, 2010, p. 8). Reforms are being adopted to address these concerns, however. Programs in training, education and healthcare have been adopted to enhance the quality of the domestic labor force, as well as the promulgation of a new labor law in 2009 (PRS, 2011, p.U-2). Laws have also been prom ulgated to regulate the importation of unnecessary foreign labor; presently, some 70,000 are in Kuwait on illegal residency permits (p.9). Foreign aid, investments, and international relations The government amended it tax laws in 2007 to peg foreign capital tax rate at 15% from what formerly ranged from 0% to 55%, in a bid to attract more investments. On the other hand, the Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development (KFAED) has been a source of financial and technical assistance to 16 Arab, 40 African, 35 Asian and European and 11 Latin American countries. It has granted a total of 793 loans valued at $15.4 billion since its start (Background Notes: Kuwait). Kuwait greatly values its regional and global affiliations, being a member of the United Nations, the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, African Development Bank (AFDB), Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development (AFESD), Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU), Group of 77 (G-77), Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), and a host of many others (State Dept., 2007, p.1137). The country exerts great efforts in securing allies worldwide, specifically in the UN Security Council, ever since it was liberated from the Iraqi invasion and control. Corruption and bureaucratic impediments Despite a law criminalizing bribery and other inducements that has resulted in several investigations and trials, so far there has been no conviction since the Gulf War in 1991. The proliferation of corruption is largely due to Kuwait’s frequently lengthy procurement process. Transparency International rated Kuwait 65th out of a total of 180 countries in its 2008 Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI); Kuwait’s CPI rating of 4.3 out of 10 indicated the existence of â€Å"a serious corruption problem,† according to Transparency International (PRS, 2010, p. 7-8). Bibliography Background Notes on Countries of the World: Kuwait. (2011) Superintendent of Documents. From Business Source Complete. EBSCO Industries, Inc. 3/7/2011 Business Monitor International, Ltd. (2011) â€Å"Kuwait Security Overview.† Kuwait Defence Security Report Q3 2011. From Business Source Complete. EBSCO Industries, Inc. Casey, M.S. (2007) The History of Kuwait. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (2011) â€Å"Kuwait,† The World Factbook. Accessed 1 October 2011 from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ku.html U.S. State Department (2007) Kuwait and Its Leaders. From Business Source Complete. EBSCO Industries, Inc. Political Risk Services (PRS) Group, Inc. Kuwait Country Report, 1 Sept 2010.

My grandfather Free Essays

string(63) " understandable that after fourteen months in the combat zone\." Few events impact the lives of humans as war.   The United States found itself in many wars during the twentieth century, in every corner of the world.   The common trait throughout all these wars was that they were fought by young men, many of whom had little political education or any idea why they were fighting. We will write a custom essay sample on My grandfather or any similar topic only for you Order Now    My grandfather, Francisco Martin, was one of these young men, as he fought in the Korean War.   Through the violence and the confusion, he survived to create a family and life of peace, though the memories of the war always stayed with him. My grandfather was born in Puerto Rico in 1930, and was still a young man when the Korean War broke out.   As a twenty-year-old college student at the University of Puerto Rico, Francisco knew very little about Korea, save for what he learned in history class.   After World War II, in a 1945 agreement reached by the allies at the Potsdam Conference, Korea was divided along the 38th Parallel into North and South Korea.   It was an early indicator of what would become the Cold War, as the communist Soviet Union would occupy North Korea and South Korea would be occupied by the democratic U.S. forces. However, only five short years later, on June 25, 1950, North Korean communist forces launched a massive surprise attack on South Korea quickly overrunning the capital.   U.S. Intervention was ordered on June 27 by President Harry S. Truman on the same day the U.N. invoked military sanctions against North Korea.[1]   As a citizen of Puerto Rico, my grandfather was also a citizen of the United States, and his dual citizenship in each country would prove desirable to the armed forces, as well as his college experience.   Less than a year later, young Francisco would put his studies on the shelf when his country called. As a student at the University of Puerto Rico, my grandfather had some experience in the R.O.T.C., and he could also speak Spanish and English, so his qualifications for the military were more than adequate for what the military needed and he was inducted on October 5, 1951.   For young Pvt. Martin, adjusting to life in the military was no easy task: â€Å"It was difficult.   The transition from being a University student, to being a trainee preparing to go to war was not easy.   It was a drastic change in mentality and attitudes. After all, it was sort of ‘brain storming’ in order to prepare the soldier to go to possible ‘combat areas’ as was called.†[2]   After four months of basic training in San Juan and Salinas, Puerto Rico, Pvt. Martin found out that he would be going to South Korea, which came as no big surprise.   However, finally hearing about his destination filled him with fear and trepidation, and he worried about what would come next.   While his commanding officers repeated that it was their duty to serve and go to Korea, this did little to quell his fears. My grandfather’s unit left Puerto Rico in April of 1952; at the time he was twenty-one years old and celebrated his twenty-second birthday on the way past Honolulu, Hawaii.   He describes the long journey by boat to South Korea as being difficult, uncomfortable, and lacking enough fresh water for the troops.   â€Å"We showered with salt water†¦ It was awful†¦ We spent approximately one month on board. We passed Hawaii and reached Japan; it was civilization at last!†[3]   The experience of Japan after the long journey was a welcome relief.   In particular, Tokyo proved to be an eye-opening experience for the young Puerto Rican American soldier, and made life off the ship that much more enjoyable:   â€Å"Nice food, big city†¦Ã‚   No more rotten eggs for breakfast as in the ship. No more seawater for bathing.   No more nasty odors and boring hours.†[4]   After being initially assigned by to be a translator because of his ability to speak Spanish and English, he was slowly beginning to adjust to life in the army, of course helped by being in the big, fast city of Tokyo.   However, before too long, he and his unit were finally shipped to South Korea to continue their duty and fight the communists of the North. My grandfather left Tokyo by train, leaving behind the many creature comforts of life in the big city, such as hot food and comfortable beds.   Back on the old, uncomfortable train he was forced to sleep on the floor with the rest of the men, or on the hard, wooden seats.   The only food they had for the trip was canned rations of spaghetti and meatballs, and once again life in the military seemed harsh and monotonous.   After the long train ride and a short ferry ride, they were finally on the mainland of Asia and in South Korea. When arriving in Pusan in the summer of 1952, it became immediately clear to all the soldiers that they were in a war zone: â€Å"On our arrival to Pusan, we could here the guns from far away.†[5]   There was no mistaking that there lives were now at stake, and the uncomfortable boats and the trip to South Korea did not look so bad. My grandfather remembers vividly his early days in South Korea: â€Å"I was assigned to the Second Division.   This army division arrived to Korea in 1950.   In 1951, the 9th Infantry regiment played an important role in the offense and defense in Korea.   I was there.†[6]   He recalls the large military presence and the continuous movement of trucks, tanks, and troops coming and going. He also remembers the differences in the attitudes of the soldiers, which depended highly on which direction they were heading: â€Å"Soldiers were leaving Korea and heading to Tokyo in their way back home (from U.S.A Puerto Rico, Colombia, and other countries in South America).   We (the incoming troops) were sad.   But they (the ones leaving) were very, very happy; it is understandable that after fourteen months in the combat zone. You read "My grandfather" in category "Essay examples"†[7]   Pvt. Martin prepared himself for the idea of spending the next fourteen in the combat zone, but failed to realize at first that the main feelings would be of alienation. After going through the long journey to get to South Korea, my grandfather found himself deep in a learning experience upon arrival, with little companionship from any fellow Spanish-speaking soldiers: â€Å"I went through a learning period.   Everything was new for me; nobody spoke Spanish. It was a harsh process of adaptation because everything was uncertain.†[8]   In addition to the hard adjustment of life in a combat zone, he was also met with repeated stories of the violence that took place not far from his post, which filled him with even more anxiety: â€Å"I was fearful after listening to all the stories of the battles, the misery, and violence.   Everybody around me was very pessimistic.   I was sure that I was not going to make it.†[9] The young soldier would hear stories of the biggest battles while in South Korea, including â€Å"Bloody Ridge,† which was the name given to the twelve-day siege waged by the men of the 9th Infantry regiment against a communist held hill in the fall of 1952.   Because of security reasons, the military publication Stars and Stripes would not disclose the exact location of the bloody battle, and soldiers in my grandfather’s regiment were left to wonder just how far away the violence raged. He would even hear stories about his fellow Puerto Rican soldiers fighting and dying in the battle of Kelly Hill, which also occurred in the fall of 1952, making him realizing the deadly cost of the war: â€Å"The Puerto Rican regiment (the 65th infantry regiment) participated in ‘Kelly Hill Battle’ that happened in the fall of 1952.   Half of the 743 Puerto Rican soldiers that died in the war, died in this battle.†[10]   But, as with so many soldiers and civilians caught in combat zones, it was only the faith in his God that gave him the strength to ignore his fear and do his duty.   My grandfather credits this for returning home and proclaims, â€Å"My faith was the only thing that kept me alive.†[11] As a soldier, Pvt. Martin served in the 9th Infantry regiment for around a year, moving to and from many different locations throughout South Korea.   Despite his close proximity to the frontlines, he was fortunate enough to avoid all major combat events.   Though he knew that his fellow soldiers were fighting and dying, he did his duty as assigned, not matter how fearful he was or how dangerous the duty seemed: â€Å"I did not fight a person-to-person combat or patrols.   But I stood for guard many times.   I remember guarding from 12:00am until 4:00am in a wet, cold and scary dangerous forest. Nights were horrible.   There were constant bombings but we had to get used to them and pray for our lives.† [12] One time on guard duty, he suffered the lowest moment of his time in Korea: â€Å"While supervising guards and moving the soldiers to different posts, one of my legs suffered frostbite.   I was hospitalized for a period of time and received treatment.   Once I was cured, I was sent back to the frontlines.   In that period, I was serving in a technical capacity.   I was part of a special unit called I.R.I.   That unit was in charge of distributing tools and explosives to those soldiers assigned to difficult missions as mine finding.†[13]   Once again, it was his religious faith that helped get him through the most difficult times of the war. Though my grandfather did not experience any serious combat while in South Korea, the threat of combat was always present.   When coupled with the often monotonous life of being a soldier, and the extremely hot and wet summers and extremely frigid winters, the days and nights could drag on and become terribly lonely and fearful times.   The only things that usually made this go away were the letters and news from back home: â€Å"Receiving letters was very important. Receiving mail from the family and friend brought me happiness and strength.†Ã‚   This was especially true of the letters from his young wife:   â€Å"Ana’s letters were well received and expected.   She was very consistent in writing and that helped me a lot.†Ã‚   In addition to letters from loved ones, the soldiers were sometimes offered breaks from constant life on the frontlines. Trips to Japan for rest and recuperation offered soldiers a welcome break from soldier life, and according to my grandfather: â€Å"I spent a week in a city called Sasebo Kokura.   It was nice, good food, movies, and trips to the city, dancing in the fort, rest, and sleep.   But after a period of â€Å"relaxation and distraction† I was sent back to Korea, but this time by plane.†[14] Even away from the war zone, terrible things can occur, and the plane ride back from Japan would stay with my grandfather for the rest of his life:   â€Å"The flight was dangerous, the plane had no seats.   I was standing strapped to the wall.   It was a horrible and traumatic experience.   Today I suffered of ‘flight fear syndrome.’   I still have flashbacks of that moment.†[15]   However, with his strong faith and fortune to avoid serious combat while there, he avoided many of the pitfalls that claimed other soldiers such as depression, alcoholism, and mental illness. There were also some good times in South Korea, which my grandfather recalled fondly, especially Christmas of 1952.   The Army threw a large Christmas party complete with treats and Christmas dinner:   â€Å"There was ice cream, turkey, fruitcake, juice, and candy†¦ It felt like home.   I went to mass, we received letters, and I even received food from home!   I still remember that day; we had a Christmas tree and everything that goes with it.†Ã‚   [16] What made the holiday even better for the young soldier is that it would not be long that he would be able to leave South Korea.   He recalled: â€Å"By that time, there were three or four more moths to go — we were ready to rotate–other troops would replace us.†[17] However, he still had a few more months to go and realized that anything could happen, as the stories of battles and casualties continued to pour in.   But, he could not get around the fact that he was so close to the end of his time in South Korea.   Around March of 1953, Pvt. Martin received news that his time in Korea was up.   As he lived in a bunker at the time and news was delivered by a messenger, he remembers when a messenger came to his quarters and stated: â€Å"You, F. Martin, are leaving Korea. You are heading to Tokyo (back to Seoul and the Tokyo).  Ã‚   A modern ship will take you back to the U.S specifically to Seattle, Washington.†[18]  Ã‚   And, after fourteen months in the combat zone, his time was up and he could leave with the satisfaction that he served his country and did his duty.  Ã‚   He transferred to the U.S. Army Reserve on June 23, 1953, and finally finished his military service with an honorable discharge on October 6, 1959, after a full eight years in service. After his experience in Korea, my grandfather took with him many lessons learned about life and war.   His view of the war is that there were no clear winners.   Tens of thousands of Americans died, along with countless more Koreans, Chinese, and Russians.   However, he cannot help but feel that some progress was made concerning the state of South Korea:   â€Å"South Korea obviously gained†¦ Today it is a prosperous, well-developed nation, technologically advances and democratic.†[19] But, he also acknowledges that the conflict itself failed to succeed in its greater goals: â€Å"On the other hand, that place is a divided nation! North and South are divided! Families separated! North Korea today is in bad shape; hunger, famine, no democracy at all.†[20]   Though my grandfather did his duty, he does not claim to be a politician or have answers to the most complex political questions facing humanity. He prefers to be a kind, decent man that loves his family and tries to impart his simple wisdom whenever possible.   Though many memories of Korea stay with him, he considers himself fortunate to be able to share his wisdom and experiences with his children and grandchildren, and is proud to be both Puerto Rican, and a citizen of the United States. Bibliography Martin, Francisco. Interview by author.   Written notes.  Location, date month year. [1] Francisco Martin. Interview by author.   Written notes.  Location, date month year. [2] Ibid. [3] Ibid. [4] Ibid. [5] Ibid. [6] Ibid. [7] Ibid. [8] Ibid. [9] Ibid. [10] Ibid. [11] Ibid. [12] Ibid. [13] Ibid. [14] Ibid. [15] Ibid. [16] Ibid. [17] Ibid. [18] Ibid. [19] Ibid. [20] Ibid. How to cite My grandfather, Essay examples

Literature Review Opportunities Making Business with Mobile Computing

Question: Discuss about the Literature ReviewforOpportunities Making Business with Mobile Computing. Answer: Introduction The incorporation of mobile computing in business management has gone a long way in creating a good environment for efficient business practices through the creation of appropriate opportunities. Passage of information may not only involve verbal approaches but also written pieces especially when the interaction is likely to involve individuals who are geographically far apart. According to Argenti and Beck (2005) The strategic communication imperative, one of the technological gadgets which has played a pivotal role in enhancing organizational operations is the use of mobile computers. These are portable computer devices which can be easily carried around and may be in the form of phones, iPhones, tablets and smartphones just to mention but few Literature Review As noted by Argyris and Schn (2006) in Organizational learning II: A theory of action perspective, mobile computing can be described as the interaction between humans and computers. In this arrangement, the computer is supposed to be transported from one place to another by the user one basic element of mobile computing is the fact the devices ought to light and portable which makes it easy for the users to move them from one place to another. Through mobile computing, the user is in a position to accomplish three basic things for instance the transmission of data, the transmission of voice messages as well as the transmission of video messages. Balkundi and Harrison (2006) in Ties, leaders, and time in teams: Strong inference about network structures effects on team viability and performance, point out that there are three basic components of mobile computing, these include: mobile communication, mobile software and the mobile hardware. Mobile communication basically involves the process in which the mobile devices are used to transmit verbal, written or visual information from one party to another. This happens through the enhancement of networks and a carefully designed infrastructure. The communication networks are always designed with the main aim of making the process faster, easier and adequately convenient. Mobile communication actually makes the main component of mobile computing. As discussed by Beer and Spector (2000) in Why change programs dont produce change, the second component is the mobile hardware which mainly comprises the mobile devices as well as the components of these devices. For instance a mobile com puting hardware can be in the form of a tablet whose components are an interactive touch screen, an internal storage and an inbuilt hard drive which equally stores important information. The third and the last component of mobile computing is the mobile software. The software involves the applications which are installed in the mobile devices which aid in their operations. The software also determines the characteristics and operation ability of the mobile devices. Birdi (2005) in No idea? Evaluating the effectiveness of creativity training highlights that the portability of the mobile devices is one of the main reasons why mobile computing has become the trending approach in business management especially in the corporate world. As the global arena continues to develop in terms of technology and business systems, there is an invevitaiel need for business operators to establish and install the right counter strategies which would work in line with the transition. There are various advantages which could be associated with the use of mobile computing. The use of mobile computing has greatly improved the level of communication in business organizations. As noted by Talukder and Yavagal (2006) in Mobile Computing: Technology, Applications, and Service Creation, communication is one of the basic aspects of effective business management; consequently, the use of mobile devices in addition to other computer operated gadgets has made the transmission of information from one individual to another easy and convenient. For instance, through the browser software installed in the mobile devices and the help of an interactive touch screen, written information can be sent to various receipts at the same time through online platform such as emails and text messages. This approach of communication is not only convenient but is also cost effective and time saving. This is because the information can be easily passed from one individual to another as long as they are in possession of the mobile gadgets. Bossidy and Charan (2002) in Execution: The discipline of getting things done also add that the use of mobile computing makes the process of commun ication quite cost effective. For instance, the use of written messages like texts and emails offers a perfect alternative to the rather expensive and traditional verbal transmission which may require individuals to be close to one another. At the same time, mobile computing largely reduces the aspect of geographical distance in communication. Once the individuals have been connected through a viable and stable network system, data can be passed over long distances within a short period of time. According to Bovey and Hede (2001) in Resistance to organizational change: The role of defense mechanisms, mobile computing has simply lifted organization communication to yet another level. Though mobile computing and hence the use of these devices, organizations can easily pass important information to all its employees within a short period of time. At the same time, the confidentiality of the information is adequately retained between the sender and the receiver only as the operations of the devices are personalized. This implies, a mobile device user can format his/her device to accept them alone as the sole user. This in turn enhances the security of the information stored. Since the process is basically cost effective, the amount and resources saved from this approach can in then be diverted to improve other sectors of the organization. According to Denning (2005) in Transformational innovation, one common approach used by organizations in a bid to enhance proper interactions with both its employees as well as the clients is through the development of interactive websites in addition to the use of other social media. These platforms cannot be accessed unless an individual has a computer installed with internet access software. The portable devices therefore offer an appropriate avenue for the employees and the consumer to easily access any information about the company irrespective of their positions and time of the day. As a result of the advantages associated with the use of computers, business organizations have an appropriate opportunity to update the employees on new developments, meetings, exhibitions and other occasions. Imielinski and Korth (2006) in Mobile Computing adds that through the online platforms, the organization is able to update the consumers on the products, prices, changes in prices, packaging and distribution points just to mention but few. For instance, Woolworths Supermarkets mainly uses mobile computing to inform the clients on the markets new arrivals as well as the discounts attached to making certain amounts of purchases. The organization also uses this platform to get the feedback from the clients with respect to the products and services offered. The organization can in turn use this opportunity to put in place the necessary adjustments aimed at enhancing customer satisfaction and loyalty. All this crucial information would be inaccessible if the intended recipients lacked the appropriate gadgets. As noted by Poslad (2009) in Ubiquitous Computing: Smart Devices, Environments and Interactions, the rise in technology has seen the emergence of more advanced methods of enhancing business transactions. This explains why the aspect of e-Commerce has gained global recognition over the past few years. Due to the fact that most organizations have incorporation the use of information technology in management, it is no surprise to find an organization entirely basing its transactions on online platforms. Use of technological devices such as vendor machines, credit cards and debit cards is clear indication of the place of mobile computing in business organizations today. Through the mobile devices, consumers can make payments for their orders with a single click on their mobile devices. This happens especially in the case of online transactions where the individual credit cards are already uploaded as files through integrated applications. The clients can therefore access the product and service prices online and then make payments for them without having to travel to the physical location of the organization. This reduces the down time needed to complete supply of products and services in in addition to minimizing the costs that would have involved the customer in moving to the point of purchase. As highlighted by Rowley and Barker (2005) in The Questronic Project and the Ferranti MRT 100 A Boon for Survey Research, mobile computing has therefore played a crucial role in enhancing e-Commerce which in has in turn created appropriate opportunities for both business organizations and the clients to make convenient, faster and cheaper transactions. The portable mobile devices make the transactions more efficient. This is because on top of making the payments, the devices can as well be used to make orders. Since the mobile computers are fitted with auto tracking devices, the consumers can be easily traced especially when the strategy involves home to home delivery. Rhoton (2001) in The Wireless Internet Explained notes that mobile computing allows the transmission of both voice and video data. This implies that individuals can interact with each other visually with the aid of computer device software and a good network infrastructure. The fact that both visual and verbal information can be transmitted implies that the users can have verbal interactions while actually seeing each other despite being physically apart. This technology has been used in many organizations to enhance the effectiveness of the meetings and programs especially in cases where physical meetings are impossible. Reza (2004) in Mobile Computing Principles: Designing and Developing Mobile Applications with UML and XML, adds that mobile computing has therefore given room to video conferencing where a group of individuals in different locations across the world converge at a common online platform and exchange both visual and verbal data. Use of portable computer devices has th erefore made such activities highly achievable despite the location, constraints of resources and time. Consequently, this technology enables an organization to interact with various stakeholders across the world without necessarily having to travel to where they are. Use of mobile computing especially to convene management meetings reduces the time that would have otherwise been wasted in convening physical meetings. The resources saved from this approach can in turn be used to develop other portions of the organizations hence a viable opportunity for growth and expansion. Saunders (2009) in Communicating change points out that through mobile computing, an organization is able to enhance the security and confidentiality of its data. This technology gives room for sophisticated storage methods enhanced by the applications installed and stored in the mobile devices. For instance, a device can be fitted with an internal storage with a code known to the user only, this way the information stored in the device can only be accessed and altered by the user which enhances the security. The disadvantage of this approach is that there is the possibility of losing this information in case the device including its hard drive is destroyed. However, according to Schnake (2007) in An integrative model of effort propensity, mobile computing has introduced an even safer method of storing data referred to as cloud computing. This approach allows an organization to store its data on online storages. The data can only be accessed through web services using mobile devices. This way, the information remains permanently safe even when the devices are destroyed. Data management is a crucial component in organizational management hence the use of mobile computing has been pivotal in enhancing this process in organizations. Methodology In order to deduce adequate data for the research process, a more qualitative approach of data collection was used. The strategy mainly involved sampling and review of relevant literature with reference to the topic of discussion. A total of 30 sources including peer reviewed journals and books were collected. The contents of these sources were analyzed to deduce the consistency in information. The sample was then reduced to 16 articles. The data obtained from the review was then analyzed to establish the subsequent discussions. Results and Discussion From the review above, we can deduce a number of opportunities created by a business organization when it uses mobile computing. There is increase in customer and employee interaction with the organization. The approach enhances security of data in addition to increasing the effectiveness of communication which is a crucial component in organizational management. Through mobile computing, an organization can easily enhance its e-Commerce strategies and hence expand the online avenues through which it can easily relate with both the employees and the consumers. Mobile computing also allows an organization to interact with individuals from various parts of the universe which makes decision making more effective and gives an appropriate opportunity for organizational expansion. Gaps The results used to make the above conclusions were basically derived from a single approach in data collection which involved review of literature. However, other research methodologies ought to have been applied in a bid to increase the scope of data collection. As a result, the conclusion given above may not make a holistic representation of the research topic. The constraints of time and enough resources also acted as challenges to the efficiency of the process. Conclusion From the review and discussion above, it can be established that the use of mobile computing in business organization has played a crucial role in enhancing close relations between organizations and the employees as well as the business-consumer interactions. In a nut shell, using cheaper alternatives like mobile computing in organizational management plays a crucial role in enhancing a holistic expansion and development within the organization. References Argenti, P. and Beck, K. (2005) The strategic communication imperative. MIT Sloan Management Review, 46(1), pp. 8389. Argyris, C. and Schn, D. (2006). Organizational learning II: A theory of action perspective. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Balkundi, P. and Harrison, A. (2006) Ties, leaders, and time in teams: Strong inference about network structures effects on team viability and performance. Academy of Management, 49(1), pp. 4968. Beer, M. and Spector, B. (2000) Why change programs dont produce change. Harvard Business Review, 68(6), pp. 158166. Birdi, K. (2005) No idea? Evaluating the effectiveness of creativity training. Journal of European Industrial Training, 29(2), pp. 102111. Bossidy, L. and Charan, R. (2002) Execution: The discipline of getting things done. New York: Crown. Bovey, W. and Hede, A. (2001) Resistance to organizational change: The role of defense mechanisms. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 16(7), pp. 534549. Denning, S. (2005) Transformational innovation. Strategy Leadership, 33(3), pp. 1116. Imielinski H. and Korth, F. (2006). Mobile Computing New York: Springer. Poslad, S. (2009). Ubiquitous Computing: Smart Devices, Environments and Interactions. New York:Wiley. Rowley, G. and Barker, K. (2005) The Questronic Project and the Ferranti MRT 100 A Boon for Survey Research The Professional Geographer, 37(4), pp. 459463. Rhoton, J. (2001) The Wireless Internet Explained. London:Digital Press. Reza, B. (2004) Mobile Computing Principles: Designing and Developing Mobile Applications with UML and XML. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Saunders, R. (2009) Communicating change. Harvard Management Communication Letter, 8(1), 3536. Schnake, M. (2007) An integrative model of effort propensity. Human Resource Management Review, 17, pp. 274289. Talukder, A. and Yavagal, R. (2006) Mobile Computing: Technology, Applications, and Service Creation. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional.